The Causes Of Cyber Attacks On Financial Institutions Essay

Cybersecurity: The Causes of Cyber Attacks on Financial Institutions During the last decade there have been an extensive number of cases of illegal information collecting, kidnapping and criminal misuse of personal data, illegal financial transactions, theft and online fraud. Modern technologies used for the commission of terrorist acts, violations of normal operation of the automated process control systems for infrastructure facilities. The politically motivated activities in cyberspace in the form of attacks on government and private websites become more widespread. Modern cyberspace and the level of development of information technologies provide unique capabilities for managing complex processes in public infrastructures, including defense, energy, transport, banking and many other areas of economic activity. Their role in meeting the personal needs of the individuals such as obtaining information, education, entertainment is invaluable. However, the opportunities of the Internet technologies are used for criminal purposes increasingly. The Internet users are constantly under the threat of cyber attacks. The sources of cyber attacks are irresponsible pranksters, hooligans, unscrupulous competitors, the terrorists, and even government agencies. Accordingly, the effects of the attacks can be very different - from the placement, without the owner s permission, on your computer desktop smiling imp harmless to block the normal operation of large computer networks, withShow MoreRelatedCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a processRead MoreCyber Security Attacks On Financial Institutions1666 Words   |  7 PagesFor an extended period extending towards the end of 2014 until now, incidences of cyber security attacks on financial institutions have not only grown in number but also become sophisticated (Global banking and payment systems Practice, 2015). Lately, the criminals try to match the new security control measures with advanced security breach mechanisms and software. These criminals are known to introduce hybrid systems or devices like the variant DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service), which rendersRead MoreCyber Attacks Come With Enormous Financial Cost877 Words   |  4 PagesCyber-attacks come with immense financial cost When The New York Stock Exchange suspended all trading in June 2015, Financial Times’s headline was â€Å"NYSE trading suspension, not cyber attack†. Furthermore, White House had to assure the public that there was â€Å"No indication of malicious actors in halt of NYSE†. This fear of a cyber-attack is not a baseless obsession. Indeed, as the Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Jo White pointed out in May, cyber-attacks are the â€Å"biggest systemicRead MorePolicy Memo For White Collar Crimes1573 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem. Big financial institutions are difficult to prosecute in white-collar crimes because of their influence. Write two (2) sentences that describe the problem in greater detail (what are the effects of the problem?) The Holder Doctrine, which comes from a memo created in 1999, has been the reason behind a lack of criminal prosecution against big companies that were part of the reason of the United States financial setback in 2008. Because of this much of the fraud that led to the financial crisisRead MoreThe Attack On Kaspersky Lab1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmulti-bank cyber heist which was discovered by Kaspersky Lab. According to the report, the hackers infiltrated banks’ network system using tactics such as phishing to gain access to sensitive data which was used to siphon money from banks. It was reported that, the cybercriminal ring, known as Carbanak, siphoned more than $1 billion from banks around the world (Kuranda). According to other sources, the criminals were not arrested and there were reports of attempted attacked to other financial institutionRead MoreThe Patriot Act Title Vii Section 814 And 8161429 Words   |  6 PagesSection 814 and 816. These sections of the Patriot Act protects the citizens of The United States from the world’s newest form of terror; Cyber-Terrorism. The aim is to explain this law, its adequacies, and inadequacies in detail and to offer suggestions and solutions for its shortcomings. Commission of Cyber Terrorism In 2013, a man, investigators named the â€Å"Sexual Cyber Terrorist† extorted over 350 women by hacking into their email accounts and baiting them into giving him nude photos. If the women didRead MoreThe Prospect And Challenges Of Cyber Security Insurance922 Words   |  4 Pages2.0 Introduction This chapter presents the prospect and challenges of cyber security insurance among It practitioners in the United Kingdom based on the literature that had been reviewed in the process of writing this paper. This chapter will draw upon results of earlier studies and reports to provide a theoretical framework to answer the research questions of the paper. 2.1. Cyber security and its importance to the modern lives In line with technological advances and the evolution of the internetRead MoreEssay On Data Breaches1322 Words   |  6 Pagescomes to mind when a data breach occurs at a higher education institution is that a student hacked into the university or college network in order to make changes to their information, such as grades. Fortunately, that has not been the case in recent cyber attacks. Hackers see higher education systems as a gold mine because students’ personal identifiable information (PII) is stored in the platforms utilized by the universities. Cyber threats have fluctuated each year at many universities. HarmanRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Global Financial Institutions1341 Words   |  6 PagesI. Background of the Problem Much of the today’s research expressly shows that not only the prosperity, but also the entire existence of the global financial institutions is seriously jeopardized nowadays. Thus, in spite of the fact that a great deal of technological advancements has been discovered by the global community, together with the improvements of communication and business operations, this technological revolution brought many challenges simultaneously (Kim 2014). To be more specificRead MoreCyber Security Breach : Thesis Statement1696 Words   |  7 PagesWu Ka Ho - g4wukaho - L1 BA1200 Topic: scenario #3 - Cyber Security Breach Thesis statement: In an incredibly interconnected world we all shared today, it is not unusual to hear daily reports about aggressive cyber attacks on private and public sectors, which often results in compromisation of personal information affecting lives of many at varying degrees; and in some cases, the stolen information endangered the safety of countless otherwise innocent individuals. On top of privacy infringement

Empiricism and Behaviorism Essay - 1384 Words

the turn of the twentieth century, the field of Psychology found itself in a war between two contending theoretical perspectives: Gestalt psychology versus Behaviorism. With its roots within the United States, behaviorists in America were developing a theory that believed psychology should not be concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. Instead, behavior and the actions of humans would be the foremost concern of psychologists. Across the Atlantic, Gestalt psychology emerged by placing its criticism upon the methodology of introspection, especially by ways of disparaging behaviorism. Although the two theories originated on separate continents, their opposing ideas were brought together after World War II and continued to battle†¦show more content†¦Like Watson, however, Skinner refuted the notion that human behavior is influenced by any action of the mind. As an alternative, our experience of reinforcements determines our behavior. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the time that behaviorism was the prevailing learned theory in America, across the sea in Europe, the Gestalt theory was taking form. While behaviorists emphasized the measurement of the outcome of learning without considering the mental processes that may have led to it, the forefathers of the Gestalt theory believed that there was more involved with learning than behaviorism allowed. They supported the notion that there was cognitive processing in the human brain that helped determine our actions and behaviors. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Gestalt theory hypothesizes that an individual’s perception of stimuli has an affect on their response. If two individuals are exposed to identical stimuli, their reactions to it would be different, depending on their past experiences. Max Wertheimer is considered, in many respects, to be the founder of Gestalt psychology. Wertheimer had his first breakthrough when he noticed the movement of blinking lights as you traveled at high speeds past them. Wertheimer conducted further research on this concept and developed what is known today as the phi phenomenon. The phi phenomenonShow MoreRelatedThe Theory And Its Impact On The Field921 Words   |  4 PagesTaking history into consideration, there have been many phases that have resulted in a negative turn in the field. I believe that the major downsides to our history have been primarily involved with the strict empiricism point of view and its similar counterparts. Beginning with Aristotle and his concept of Tabula Rasa, it is difficult to prove that this is true. The justification for this theory is minimal as we are far more complex to have a blank mind. Our mind is not blank and we have clearRead MoreNature vs. Nurture in Language Development1678 Words   |  7 PagesNurture states that knowledge originates in the environment and comes in through the senses. This theory is called Empiricism defines as the importance of sensory experience as the basis of all knowledge. Empiricism is otherwise known as the doctrine that says sense experience is the only source of knowledge, a belief that experience alone is the source of all knowledge. Empiricism is essentially a theory of knowledge which asserts that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. It rejects theRead MoreDescartes : Mind And Body Dualism735 Words   |  3 Pages(Chaplin Krawiec, 1983). On the other hand, his mechanistic conception of both the body and the action between body and mind contributed to the mechanistic psychologies of the eighteenth century (Leahey, 1982) giving rise to contemporary empiricism and behaviorism. Nicolaus Copernicus and Isaac Newton, despite the dogmatism of the Middle Ages, in which reigned an atmosphere dominated by political authoritarianism as religious, raised the importance of tying research to the empirical contributing toRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 Pageshappened in the late 1950s, something so dramatic that it is now referred to as the ‘cognitive revolution,’ and the view of mental processes that it spawned is called ‘cognitive psychology.’ What happened was that American psychologists rejected behaviorism and adopted a model of mind based on the computer† (McClelland, 2001). â€Å"Cognitive Psychology has at least three diï ¬â‚¬erent meanings. First, the term refers to ‘a simple collection of topic areas,’ that is, of behaviorally observable or theoreticallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pages Before psychology consolidated it self as the school of thought we have come to know today, it went through a number of theoretical adjustments. Freud and Watson became pioneers of two different approaches. Psychodynamics and Behaviorism could be argued to be two of the most pivotal influences on psychology. To really grasp their value we have to understand their individual philosophical influences, founders and their theories. Both have expanded the growth of psychology as a science, but withRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Communication On A Critical Branch Of Sociological Thought From 20th Century Social Thought1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe Psychologism of Abstracted Empiricism Having discussed potions of the intellectual inheritance of cognitive behaviourism from 20th century social thought, I now want to turn my attention to a critical branch of sociological thought from the same period to assist in analysing this set of ideas. C. Wright Mills worked in the immediate post war period as a research assistant to Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld’s research on the media effects of mass communication. The majority of their work soughtRead MoreDiscuss Reasons for the Increased Interest in Cognitive Psychology and the Decline in Behavioristt Approach, in Addition Describe the Field of Cognitive Science Noting the Discipline That Are Included in This Field.1302 Words   |  6 Pages2011 DISCUSS REASONS FOR THE INCREASED INTEREST IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE DECLINE OF BEHAVIORIST APPROACH ,IN ADDITION DESCRIBE THE FIELD OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE NOTING THE DISCIPLINE THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE THIS FIELD. Behaviorism also called learning perspective is defined by Wikipedia ‘ as a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do-including acting , thinking, and feeling can and should be regarded as behaviors andRead MorePhilosophy of Science in Social Research1455 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophical foundations continuously enriches itself with new dimensions and views about social world. Approaches of philosophy of science in social research There are certain approaches of philosophy of science in social research- * Realism * Empiricism * Positivism * Post positivism * Idealism * Rationalism * Functionalism * Structuralism * Utilitarianism * Instrumentalism * Feminism * Materialism * Skepticism * Nomothetic and Ideographic * Solipsism Read MoreThe Founding Of The First Laboratory By Wilhelm Wundt Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagesbrought attention that science should not rely on assumptions instead, it should start with the collection of facts. His stance lead scientists like John Locke and Thomas Reid to promote the fundamental principles of science such as empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism produces factual information while rationalism involves the development and elaboration of ideas. In 1881 Dr. Joseph Breuer was able to operate as a scientists and practitioner. However, today s society it is common for an individualRead MoreConceptual And Historical Issues Of Psychology1420 Words   |  6 Pagesconstructed. Conceptual and Historical Issues in Psychology Introduction Science employs an approach of empiricism. This approach states that our senses are the only place from which knowledge originates. This is in contrary to knowledge view that exists that it could be acquired purely by logical argument and reasoning. Hence empiricism views knowledge to be based on experience. Empiricism through gain of knowledge via experience came to be an approach of science and influenced greatly chemistry

Why did Charles V Abdicate Free Essays

After a nearly forty year rule over an empire of unprecedented size and complexity, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire abdicated his throne in 1555-6. His rein saw much adversity yet he had great success and during his rein, the empire grew and prospered. However, a series of political, militaristic and health problems culminated in Charles’s retirement. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Charles V Abdicate? or any similar topic only for you Order Now To explore these problems and to fully comprehend why Charles relinquished his power is the topic of this essay. By and large, Charles V was the most powerful leader in Europe during his rein (Cavendish 2006). His realm was described as â€Å"an empire which the sun never set on† and it encompassed about 1,500,000 square miles. A Habsburg in his teens, in 1516 he inherited Spain, which had been unified by his grandparents Isabella and Ferdinand. In 1519 he succeeded his paternal grandfather Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor (Cavendish 2006). He was Duke of Burgundy and Archduke of Austria and he also ruled the Netherlands, Bohemia, Hungary, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. Ruling Spain meant ruling Spanish America and in Charles’s time Cortes took Mexico and Pizarro conquered Peru (Cavendish 2006). The wealth of Spain paid for his efforts to control Western Europe. Despite sizeable incomes from parts of the empire, Charles’s rein encountered monetary difficulties attributing to military defeats. Encircled by the Holy Roman Empire, France existed as the empires great rival and had three major conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire during Charles’s rein. The first began in 1521 against Charles’s nemesis Francis I of France and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. There were three later conflicts where the outcome was less conclusive and France acted as a constant oppose to the empire. Another great rival of Charles’s were the Ottomans, who put pressure of the Holy Roman Empire’s Hungarian border and from piracy in the Mediterranean, especially in the 1530s. The predominately Islamic Ottoman Empire had a longstanding feud with the H. R. E. who was seen as the defender of Christendom (Claydon 2009). Charles the V is among the many rulers since ancient times who desired to create a neo-roman empire and as a Catholic, Charles hoped to unite all of Europe in a Christian empire of which he would be ruler. Unsurprisingly, the notion was met with fierce opposition. Not only did the French and the English prove resistant to the idea, but in 1517 Martin Luther nailed his theses to the church door at Wittenberg: Charles’s ambitions deteriorated on the Protestant Reformation. Not only a factor for political defeat, his staunch religious belief also be attributed to his decision to abdicate. When something went right he attributed it to God, his failure to unite Europe made Charles V feel unworthy and that God must surely want another ruler to extend the empire and destroy Protestantism and Islam. In addition to the great stress of battling a multitude of enemies, Charles had to bear loyalty problems from within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1520, the Comuneros in Castile demanded lower taxes, an end to Burgandian dominion of Castile. They would have preferred Charles’s mum, Joanna the Mad to rule (Claydon 2009). Charles’s brother Ferdinand, archduke of Austria and king of Bohemia and Hungary placed higher priority on defeating the Ottomans than on France and getting rid of Protestantism which were Charles’s goals. Charles failed to control Germany and the Princes saw Ferdinand as their actual ruler (Claydon 2009). In 1529, the Diet of Speyer saw the Lutheran princes protest Charles’s catholic policy in direct defiance of the empire. The princes of Germany also largely adopted protestantism which Charles abhorred and considered heresy. Another factor for his abdication is that by the 1550s that Protestantism in Germany would have to be tolerated. The Holy Roman Empire saw major finance problems during Charles’s rein. The cost of training and maintaining the armies of the H. R. E. were vast and Charles struggled to find the money (Claydon 2009). Charles had to cancel a successful campaign against France where victory was near due to funding problems. A large portion of the empire’s income was through taxes but in certain areas people highly resented taxes due to feelings of localism, for example, the Spanish resented paying for Charles’s efforts on the other side of Europe whilst the German states saw Charles as a ‘foreigner’ and resented his rule over them and considered their own Princes as supreme (Claydon 2009). A similar situation existed in Burgundy where the Flanders estates rejected a 1534 plan to be organised into an imperial ‘circle’ to provide regular taxes and troops. Also, Charles’s claim of Italy was not profitable because Italy was financially dependant and contributed little to the empire monetarily (Claydon 2009). After a series of unfortunate militaristic failures and chronic finance and loyalty problems, in about his mid-forties, Charles was afflicted by severe health issues, most notably agonising gout, as well as epilepsy and chronic indigestion which was caused by his Hapsburg jaw, a condition where the jaw is deformed and creates difficulty eating. It was common to his family line due to aristocratic inbreeding. Tests have been conducted on a finger of Charles’s (which was preserved separately from his body) by researchers at the University of Barcelona who have concluded that severe gout was the main cause of Charles’s abdication (Emery 2006). They concluded that anyone with a condition that severe could not work. Historically, gout is seen as a ailment of the very wealthy due to food that increase risk are red meat. Such lavish food was not available in great quanities to people of medium to little wealth. He suffered from a particular severe gout and many scholars think Charles V decided to abdicate after a gout attack in 1552 forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz, where he was later defeated. This incident appears to have acted as the straw that broke the camel’s back in Charles’s decision to exit power. By now, Charles faced a great variety of tribulations. The implications from Charles’s failed was efforts, money and loyalty problems suggest he lacked full control of his empire. He felt that if God wanted him as ruler, he would have had an easier time. Overall, despite numerous reasons that probably influenced his decision, like failed military efforts, loyalty issues and his unwillingness to tolerate Protestantism in the empire, Charles’s health afflictions causing increasing inability to meets the demands of being Emperor, appears to be the key factor in his abdication. His epilepsy, gout and chronic indigestion (caused by his Habsburg jaw) surely made an already stressful and life dominating role of ruling a vast empire overwhelming and the various problems he faced culminated in his abdication. Despite being only fifty-eight at the time of his death, Charles must have appeared a frail and crippled old man who could barely walk (in his later years, he was carried around in a sedan chair) or use his hands (Emery 2006). Not a desirable public image for a mighty Emperor. Peaceful retirement to holy surroundings must have seemed a welcome change to a life of constant travel, warfare and turmoil. Charles V’s abdication has been interpreted differently. While many condemned it an unsuccessful man’s admission of failure and escape from the world, contemporaries of the time thought differently. There is evidence that Charles himself had been considering the idea even in his prime. In 1532 his secretary, Alfonso de Valdes, suggested to him the thought that a ruler who was incapable of preserving the peace and, indeed, who had to consider himself an obstacle to its establishment was obliged to retire from affairs of state. Upon the finalisation of the abdication, St. Ignatius of Loyola had this to say: â€Å"The emperor gave a rare example to his successors . . . he proved himself to be a true Christian prince . . may the Lord in all His goodness now grant the emperor freedom. † By today’s standards, Charles’s abdication would be nothing extraordinary considering his ailments and the stressful job requirements of emperor. Charles abdicated as Emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until May 3, 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of Emperor. Charles gave Burgundy, Spain and the American colonies to his son Philip II. He retired to the Monastery of Yuste, near Cuacos de Yuste. The monastery was expanded in 1556 to make room for the emperor and the fifty to sixty members of his entourage. Charles was occasionally visited by notable people, including his illegitimate son Don Juan de Austria, as well as his heir Philip II of Spain. Like many former men of power in history, Charles was deeply interested in politics and was routinely posted on the news of the empire in his retirement. Probably hoping for news that his successors had created a miraculous Christian unification of Europe! He lived his few remaining months on earth amid works of art, of which he had a keen appreciation (Titian was his favourite painter), amid the books which, as a cultured man, he studied and took pleasure in enjoying the music (Knight 2009). His health afflictions worsened and he died of malaria on September 21, 1558 (de Zulueta 2007, 107-9). He was buried in the monastery church, though his remains were transferred twenty-six years later to San Lorenzo del Escorial. How to cite Why did Charles V Abdicate?, Papers

Healthcare US

Question: Write an essay on Healthcare. Answer: Healthcare provides particularly in US plays an important role in community development as they provide adequate healthcare facilities to the individuals that results in reducing the need of maintaining health and well being of individuals. However, in this particular assignment the healthcare facilities of United Healthcare has been illustrated and strategic plan has been developed to maintain the service quality and facilities of different prospective. United healthcare group is a renown healthcare company provides healthcare facilities about 70 million people and almost every aspects of healthcare services are provides for the individuals that helps them in serving the healthier lives and better life living standards (Group, 2016). They primarily help in finding the best healthcare services for the individuals and quality care at a reasonable cost. Not only that, they also deliver the reliable tools, information and guidance to maintain the healthy and well being of individuals within the community and reducing the threat of common disease that provide critical impact to their lives. Effective decision making has been taken by the individuals with the help of the guidance and supervision of the healthcare company and, thus, critical social responsibility is innovatively maintained by the group through services supreme healthcare facilities and knowledge to the people of United States (Tolleson, Dorough and Putnam, 2008). Innovation and advance technological applications are being used by the company that serves better healthcare facilities and care to the individuals and, therefore the company helps in modernizing the overall health infrastructure within the United States and facilitates the services for commun ity members (Cebul, 2008). The comprehensive healthcare facilities have been provided by the United Healthcare group to the small and medium size companies as well as multinationals sectors. There is various policy and schemes has been launched by the company for different healthcare practices and services under the group of United Health and the helps in providing the need of the individuals. The company has made partnership deals with AARP and Ovations is a policy that provides healthcare facilities people over the age of 50 and deliver five Medicare facilities and benefits to the individuals. Ameri Choice is one of the largest groups that provides healthcare to the lower income families through various platforms and programs such as Medicaid and Children health insurance program (CHIP) (CHANG, 2013). Optum health primarily works within the public sectors and employers with innovative healthcare plans that help in bringing the entire information and holistic solutions of different healthcare problems of the individuals. Most importantly, with the help of the holistic approach the better decision making of healthcare maintenance has been carried out by the individuals. Ingenix helps in establishment of information and technology for healthcare system performance that helps in better administration as well as enhanced healthcare system performance. Other than that, Prescription solution the company become a leaders of managing different pharmacies benefits with the help of complete medicines facilities providing to the individuals. Therefore, with the help of the combination of different healthcare groups by United Healthcare it helps in streamlining the healthcare facilities and services of individuals within United States for long term healthcare support (Dougherty, 1988). Some innovative changes will be carried out by the United Healthcare group that will evolve the change in facilities and outcome of the healthcare facilities and will results in betterment of health and wellbeing of individuals within United States. Strategic plan Network growth The administration standards and modern innovative technology implementation will help in connecting more people and will help in providing the health care services as well as with the help of adequate information delivery the reliable decision making regarding the health care maintenance will be carried out easily by the individuals. Use of Information communication Technology (ICT) is another significant step that has to be undertaken within the healthcare platform because it will help in connecting the individuals with the healthcare department for instant healthcare facilities deliverance (Lindsey, Spake and Joseph, 2011). However, the use of ICT will reduce the internal healthcare related commutation within the hospitals that will bring better service quality and innovative decision making regarding a particular healthcare disorder for the individuals. Price sensitivity is eon f the most prime factors those results in increasing the chance of attracting the patient to serve the best quality healthcare services at a reasonable price. Therefore, effective pricing along within sustainable pricing strategy will help in better network growth and community development. On the other hand, comparable culture will provide better focus on communication and training program of internal medical professional that will help in providing quality health treatment and facilities to the individuals. Therefore, the enhancement of healthcare facilities access and reduction of costs will help in development of better healthcare networks along with innovative communication technologies adoption. Nurse staffing In these current times, nurse staffing is become one of the most integral part of healthcare delivery system as it plays an important role in providing the acute healthcare service to the individuals (Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy, 1991). There are various staffing levels has been provides in this particular care and it provides crucial impact to the overall budgetary consideration as well as local nurses labor market. It is important to undertaken innovative staffing of nurses that will bring several advantages to the healthcare providers in terms of quality and reliability. Nurse workforce model is impended in this context to provide adequate information to the nurse regarding the different working environment and situation that can arise within the hospital premises and they have to adopt the system quite well in order to provide the best solution to the patient. Effective communication system and collaboration of team work is another significant quality that has to be deve loped within the nurses to provide quality healthcare facilities. Nurse qualification must be up to the market in order to participate in this healthcare development plan because the instant decision making and reliable knowledge of the patient condition will help in making effect decision making (Merino, 2011). Therefore, the quality health care substitutes and safety acts will be innovatively maintain and facilitated and overall service quality will be maintained innovatively. Resource management Resource management involves primarily two types of deliverables such as financial resource and human resource. The adequate funding facilities will be available from the United Healthcare group and regarding any porches and quality tools maintenance the required financial support will be available. Regarding the human resource the innovative and skilled nurse an heath care professional will be appointed in this healthcare development cases that will enhance the overall service quality through quality care (Shi, Singh and Shi, 2005). Beside this, aligned and effective health care culture should be adopted in order to maintain the quality healthcare along with effective resource management. Patient satisfaction The patient satisfaction is the major concerns of the healthcare provides as in this time of competitive healthcare field it is imperative to provide quality healthcare facilities for the individuals as they will decide the reputation and brand value of the healthcare providers Evidence base medicine practices and innovative healthcare policies such as control cost and improving care quality will be adopted to facilitate the overall health related outcome of the individuals and within the community (Shortcomings of the US healthcare system, 2015). Conclusion The study provides a clear and concise idea regarding the United Health group health create facilities over the decade within the people of America and it also provides the various tactics and programs launched by the group of the companies in order to facilitate the overall health outcome of the community. However, strategic plan involving nurse staffing, network growth, resource management and patient satisfaction has been carried out in order to provide the best quality healthcare facilities to the community members. References Cebul, R. (2008).Organizational fragmentation and care quality in the U.S. health care system. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. CHANG, C. (2013). SOLVING THE US HEALTHCARE PROBLEMS: THE ACTION STRATEGY.Int. J. Innovation Technol. Management, 10(03), p.1340008. Dougherty, C. (1988).American health care. New York: Oxford University Press. Group, U. (2016).UnitedHealth Group - Health Benefits and Services - Home. [online] Unitedhealthgroup.com. Available at: https://www.unitedhealthgroup.com/ [Accessed 19 Jun. 2016]. Lindsey, K., Spake, D. and Joseph, M. (2011). Young adults and US healthcare reform: views and marketing strategy.Journal of Medical Marketing: Device, Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Marketing, 11(4), pp.312-319. Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy. (1991).Journal For Healthcare Quality, 13(2), p.37. Merino, N. (2011).Health care. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. Shi, L., Singh, D. and Shi, L. (2005).Essentials of the US health care system. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. Shortcomings of the US healthcare system. (2015).The Pharmaceutical Journal. Tolleson, R., Dorough, S. and Putnam, C. (2008). Implementing a Strategic Energy Management Plan for Health Care.Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 28(2), pp.44-57.

Hellenistic Age Essay Research Paper Hellenistic Age free essay sample

Hellenic Age Essay, Research Paper Hellenic Age ( 323BC # 8211 ; 30BC ) The Age of Alexander The conquerings of Alexander the Great dispersed Hellenism instantly over the Middle East and far into Asia. After his decease in 323 B.C. , the influence of Greek civilisation continued to spread out over the Mediterranean universe and W Asia. The wars of the Diadochi marked, it is true, the dissolution of Alexander # 8217 ; s brief imperium, but the constitution of Macedonian dynasties in Egypt, Syria, and Persia ( the Ptolemies and the Seleucidae ) helped to model the universe of that twenty-four hours into a wider integrity of trade and acquisition. The Hellenistic period was an international, widely distributed age. Commercial contacts were widespread and peoples of many cultural and spiritual backgrounds merged in thickly settled urban centres. Progresss were made in assorted Fieldss of scientific enquiry, including technology, natural philosophies, uranology and mathematics. Great libraries were founded in Alexandria, Athens and the independent land of Pergamum. We will write a custom essay sample on Hellenistic Age Essay Research Paper Hellenistic Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The old beliefs in Olympic Gods were infused with foreign elements, particularly from the E ; # 8220 ; Oriental # 8221 ; enraptured cults, such as those of Cybele, Isis, and Mithras, go popular in the Hellenized universe. The third century BC saw the rise of ancient Rome. After procuring most of the Italic peninsula, Rome entered into a drawn-out struggle with the Carthaginians for control of Sicily, Spain and the other parts of Punic domination in the Punic Wars. The former imperium of Alexander was taken steadily and methodically into Roman hands. The great metropolis of Corinth was destroyed ( 146 BC ) , Athens captured ( 86 BC ) , and Cleopatra and Mark Antony defeated at the Battle of Actium ( 31 BC ) . Their licking marks the terminal of the Hellenistic Age. Cities While the city states of Greece itself tended to stagnate, elsewhere metropoliss and provinces grew and flourished. Of these the head was Alexandria. So great a force did Alexandria exert in commercialism, letters, and art that this period is on occasion called the Alexandrian Age, and the terminal of Hellenistic civilisation is by and large set at the concluding victory of Roman power in Alexandria in the 1st cent. B.C. Pergamum was besides outstanding, and there were other metropoliss of influence ( e.g. , Dura ) . In the Hellenistic period, although the metropoliss were no longer independent, as they had been in the Hellenic epoch, they were the centres of trade and trade industry. It was in the metropoliss that the posterities of the Greco-Macedonian vanquishers became a professional category of swayers and soldiers and merchandisers, which provided a cultural and economic bond throughout the country, even though political integrity did non last the decease of Alexander. Among the Greek opinion category, the old truenesss to the Polis had given manner to a dedication to the profession. As the decision makers and the merchandisers of their universe, in malice of being in the minority, they had an influence out of proportion to their Numberss. The metropolis of Alexandria, founded by Alexander, located on the Mediterranean at the oral cavity of the Nile, became the most outstanding centre of commercialism and acquisition. The library in Alexandria became the depositary for entering many of the literary and scientific accomplishments of the clip. Although adult females continued to hold a subsidiary position, some lucky few of the affluent and opinion categories, would hold the chance to go involved in commercialism or in rational activities. For the most portion, nevertheless, adult females had no portion in public life. Economicss Sailing masters, who learned, for illustration, about the North Sea, extended the bounds of the known universe. The rush of commercialism brought a great addition of wealth to merchandisers and in general to the upper categories ; this wealth was besides reflected in a inclination toward the ornate and impressive in architecture, although town programs and edifices of the period have proportions and grace seldom excelled. It should be noted, nevertheless, that the addition of wealth did non make the hapless, who in general were more destitute than they had antecedently been. Agribusiness, little secret plans of land worked by husbandmans, industry and ventures in commercialism were little enterprisers in Classical Greece but with the Hellenistic Age came big graduated table industry and trade. The Hellenistic universe brought ambitious Greeks that migrated to Egypt and the Near East. They introduced new harvests and new techniques in agribusiness i.e. : new improved Egyptian vinos and improved irrigation. Long distance trade grew and swayers encouraged this by set uping a sound money system, constructing roads and canals and uncluttering the seas of plagiarists. Unfortunately the prosperity which resulted due to the enlargement of trade filled the pockets of the Upper Class but small filtered to the husbandmans and labourers. Education A ; Libraries Education, nevertheless, was much more widespread than of all time before, and Greek was the stylish linguistic communication of the educated universe. The consequence was a great addition of volume in literature and a inclination for composing to split into popular literature for the broad audience and specialise authorship. A library and a museum were constructed in Alexandria. One of the chief involvements of the bookmans in Alexandria is Classical Greece. The specialisation of bookmans caused the development of professionalism. The ground forces now consisted of professional soldiers while professional beaurocrats ran the authorities. Following the decease of Alexander the Great, his land was split into three big Kingdoms ( approx. 275BC ) by his generals. The Antigonid dynasty maintained control of mainland Greece. The Seleucids governed the full eastern imperium, the largest part of the district, while the Ptolemies ruled the land of ancient Egypt. Hellenic Rulers Womans re-emerged as swayers in The Hellenistic Age i.e. Cleopatra and Olympias, the female parent of Alexander. Hellenistic Rulrs ruled with strong armed forcess and big bureaucratism, which allowed localised democracy. The male monarch could nevertheless call off the rights of the metropoliss. Bondage Slavery, which had been a normally accepted pattern throughout the history of ancient civilisation, remained a outstanding portion of Hellenic civilization. Most labour was manus labour, and bondage had the consequence of degrading the value of labour and detering the hunt for alternate methods of production. Thus, in malice of the fact that the Hellenistic epoch is noted for its scientific accomplishments, the addition in theoretical cognition did non take to practical applications. Industry remained basically hand-craft industry, and agribusiness remained the primary business. Trade and commercialism, though enhanced by the mercantile and transporting expertness of a professional category of merchandisers, was limited, about wholly to agricultural merchandises such as the grains of the river vale, and vino and olives of the Mediterranean Science The empirical traditions established by the Grecian natural scientists ( such as Democritus and Aristotle ) continued to be followed by a figure of noteworthy persons. Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 310-230 BC ) Merely through mentions from Archimedes and Plutarch do we have knowledge of this ancient scientist. We know that Aristarchus put forth the astonishing observation ( astonishing for his clip, anyhow ) that the Sun is the centre of Thursday vitamin E universes and that the Earth travels around the sun–not the Sun around the Earth. He besides made some quite audacious appraisal of the sizes and distances of the Sun and Moon. Although he greatly underestimated both size and distance, they were radically greater than anything thought possible in his days–and as with the remainder of his work, held to roast because they seemed so evidently incorrect at the clip. Today, of class, he seems to be a alone voice indicating in the right way, one that was non followed up by others that anciently might hold led us to more accurate appraisals of the range and motion of our existence. Archimedes ( 287-212 BC ) Archimedes was a scientist in the manner we understand the term: he combined his love of mathematical theory with a ardor for experimentation. Consequently he produced a figure of major penetrations into the kingdom of mechanical technology and natural philosophies. He was a major subscriber to the survey of geometry and the scientific discipline of weights and steps. He besides came really near to contriving the concretion ( that award finally went to Newton 1,900 old ages subsequently ) . He besides was famed in his yearss for the imaginative defence devices he provided his native metropolis of Syracuse ( Sicily ) in its ( finally unsuccessful ) defence attempt against the siege Romans. Eratosthenes ( ca. 276-192 BC ) Eratosthenes was the bibliothec of the great museum/library of Alexandria. Based on the cognition that at midday at the summer solstice shone straight down a well in Syene ( Aswan ) Egypt # 8211 ; and ciphering the angle of the shadow that the Sun made over a perpendicular pole at Alexandria Egypt at precisely the same minute # 8211 ; and holding an accurate step of the distance between the well at Syene and his rod at Alexandria, Eratosthenes estimated the Earth # 8217 ; s perimeter at 24,660 stat mis # 8211 ; merely about 200 stat mis less than the existent step! He besides claimed that a individual could sail around the Earth and arrive dorsum at his get downing point, provided that he neer changed class along the manner. He similarly catalogued about 700 stars. And he devised a system of ciphering premier Numberss. Euclid ( ca. 276-194 BC ) Euclid taught mathematics in Alexandria, Egypt and is even today considered the # 8220 ; father # 8221 ; of Western geometry. His work was clear and precise and good accepted in his yearss. Indeed, his composing Elementss was used down into modern times as the major text on the topic of geometry. But we know small about him personally except through his many preserved plants. Hipparchus ( fl. 145-130 BC ) He was one who put away strong statements against the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus # 8211 ; on the evidences that a mathematical system of flakes and epicycles seemed to account more logically for the motion of the celestial spheres ( he had a really strong influence on Ptolemy who took up his work several centuries subsequently ) and did non endure from a theory which required the Earth to travel. This to Hipparchus flew solidly in the face of common sense. But in other respects he was a really complete mathematician, geomotrist and uranologist. He rejected star divination and based his work entirely on strict observation # 8211 ; which avoided metaphysical guess. He was extremely instrumental in the creative activity of trigonometry # 8211 ; including the expression for spherical trigons. He created a star catalogue, which was rather accurate # 8211 ; and which listed about 1000 stars. Doctrine and Religion Hellenic Philosophy, 322 BC to 235 AD, overlaps the Hellenic Period ( from Alexander the Great, d.323, to Cleopatra, d.30 BC ) and the Early Roman Empire ( 30 BC to the decease of Alexander Severus, 235 AD ) . Plato # 8217 ; s school at the Academy and Aristotle # 8217 ; s school ( the Peripatetics ) at the Lyceum continued, joined by several other schools, including the Cynics and Hedonists, but particularly the Stoics and Epicureans. Stoicism The Stoic school was founded by Zeno of Citium ( 335-263 ) , a adult male of Phoenician descent from Cyprus, and was named after the sort of unfastened edifice with a porch, a stoa, found in the Athenian market place, where Zeno taught and the school became established. After coming to Athens, Zeno was a pupil of Crates, but broke off out of humiliation at the sorts of things he was expected to make. Stoicism, which became the dominant Hellenic school of doctrine, emphasized that felicity depends merely on goodness ( instead as Socrates had thought ) and that all external conditions of life can and must be endured without apathy ( enduring ) . Epicure The school of Hedonism was reputedly founded by Aristippus of Cyrene ( c.435-360 ) and subsequently modified by Epicurus ( 341-270 ) , who settled in Athens and taught from the garden of his house, where the school remained and from which it derived its name: the Garden. Epicurus remained a pagan in the sense that he believed pleasance to be the good, but he thought that lone pleasances which did non subsequently produce hurting should be sought. Excesss and upseting personal businesss, like political relations, were therefore to be avoided. Even the Gods were thought to populate this sort of being, paying no particular attending to us. Epicurus derived his metaphysical philosophies from Democritus. The instruction of # 8220 ; atoms and the nothingness # 8221 ; gave him less to worry about than other philosophies did. This was neer every bit popular as Stoicism. Summary Comparison Guide of Hellenic and Hellenistic Societies Features Hellenic World Hellenistic World Government Small, autonomous city states Empires ruled by sovereign, male monarchs. Cities ruled by affluent category Education Private coachs for well-to-do. Physical preparation at gym Education and physical preparation at secondary school Language Classical Greek Greek ( kione ) , Aramaic Commerce Limited commercial activity extended trade on sea and land Status of adult females restricted functions, domestic chiefly matrimony contracts, ain slaves and belongings, act as trustees Slavery Widespread usage Widespread usage Literature Golden age play, poesy Grecian influence with local civilization Philosophy Emphasis on logic moralss, ground ( Socrates, Plato, Aristotle ) Non-rational, Oriental mysticism 1. Stoic 2. Epicurean 3. Cynic Science Acceptance of experimental method but more attending to doctrine Progresss in uranology, mathematics, and medical specialty Religion Olympian Gods of Greece Adapted Olympian Gods for Rome, local faiths The power and leading of the Greco-Macedonian opinion groups would bit by bit be undermined by the diffusion of cognition and professional expertness to non-Greeks. The fact that the Greeks were a minority, meant that finally, the larger Numberss of people of Asian or near-Eastern background would increase their influence. Therefore, in a really gradual mode, without distinguishable historical events to tag the manner, the alone Hellenic civilization would melt off. Grecian patterns would, nevertheless, make a lasting grade upon the composite civilization of the civilised universe. The procedure of enlargement of civilisation and diffusion of civilization would travel on. The Romans built their imperium upon the Mediterranean basin, exploited the progresss of the Hellenistic epoch, and expanded the civilised centre into western Europe. The Hellenic period blended unnoticeably into the Roman epoch.

Bullying My Proposed Solution Essays

Bullying My Proposed Solution Essays Bullying My Proposed Solution Essay Bullying My Proposed Solution Essay Of all the trials and tribulations of parenthood, possibly one of the hardest things to deal with is knowing that your child has become the victim of a bully and deciding how to deal with this. Bullying in schools can be very hard to spot and put an end to it. Recent evidence suggests that bullying is very common in British schools. A survey by the childrens charity Kidscape found 69 percent of children aged 5 to 16 had been bullied at sometime, more than half of them repeatedly or seriously. When occasional teasing turns into serious physical or verbal harassment, the parents often think it is their time to step in. But there is usually little they can do. Any direct involvement by parents or teachers may backfire. Bullies can become infuriated when other people get involved and try to intervene. When the victims go to a teacher or adult it usually results in the bullies treating them worse for getting them into trouble. This can put children off getting any sort of help about any problems they are having because it would make them even more scared and insecure. When a victim of bullying has been harassed for a long period of time it can leave them feeling self-doubting, timid, depressed and possibly emotionally scarred. Continual bullying can influence the victims to take their stress out on other things or people. The victims may eventually begin taking out their anger on younger and smaller children, or in other ways such as self-harm, stealing, anorexia or, in serious cases, suicide. A person who is being bullied will feel unable to stop it happening. It may be carried out by a group of people or simply by one person. This bullying could involve physical abuse, threats, name-calling, or in less obvious ways such as ignoring or excluding someone. Bullying is very similar to harassment and other forms of abuse such as racism. Contrary to some belief both sexes bully and are bullied. The reason for the bully taking their anger out on younger or more vulnerable children could be problems at home or school, or possibly as a result of being abused or bullied by other people. Bullies usually seek attention and affection and it can sometimes be very hard to reason with them, as they may be stubborn and unwilling to cooperate.  The bullying should be stopped as quickly as possible as it may be harder to control if it goes further and gets more serious. Victims of bullying are usually small for their age, quiet and sensitive, the type of child who wouldnt fight back. The victim is seldom very popular or loud. As a result of this, other children are less likely to help them or come to their defence. School classes can be very large and it is not uncommon for bullying to occur in the classroom when teachers are present. This classroom bullying can surprisingly be very difficult to spot, whether it is verbal or physical. Teachers can be put in an awkward position when having to make a quick decision on how to confront the bully and this is the problem that is facing them at present.  In different schools across the country there are various methods in which bullying is dealt with, some more successful than others. Some of which include encouraging victims to tell a teacher or parent, punishing the bully, telling the victim to fight back or even holding a bully court run by fellow pupils. In my opinion bullying in schools should be tackled in the following way. One or more older, sensible members of the school should be elected as counsellors, which children can visit, in their spare time, to share any troubles and problems they are having with bullies. This confidential system enables the children to speak privately to an older and wiser member of the school and then get advice on what to do without going to a higher authority such as a teacher. The counsellors should be advised on how to recommend what to do in the victims situation. This method of confronting bullying has already been put to use in a minority of schools around England. I feel that this process would be very successful and help many victims of bullying out in dealing with their problem. How the counsellors deal with the cases that come up is either up to them or could be discussed in a large group of other counsellors or even teachers and, in serious cases, victims should perhaps be recommended to go to a higher authority if unquestionably necessary. Bibliography When the Bullies are in your court, www.antibullying.net.

BHS 499 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 4 SLP Essay - 2

BHS 499 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 4 SLP - Essay Example faculty who can teach students seeking to enroll in nursing; most of the present nursing faculty members are aging (around 50- to 54 years of age); there is inadequate pool of younger faculty; the lack of emphasis or focus on teaching educational principles in line with the strict clinical, didactic and research curricula of majority of the masters and doctoral programs; faculties in nursing have ineffective and diluted role expectations which are aggravated by tremendous role-related stress; new faculty members, the desire to be successful in all facets of academe; there is lack of competitiveness in salaries related to the clinical sector; too few nursing faculty members are prepared for doctoral programs; there is high faculty workload, lack of qualified applicants and less faculty are willing teach clinical courses as well as to conduct research. Therefore, in relation to the above-mentioned nursing issues on the difficulty to recruit and retain nursing educators, the AANA Education Committee made some actions or interventions and integrated it in the strategic plans. The organization made some leadership changes which included some elements of faculty, administrative, financial, political as well as perception concerns. The team also conducted a web-based survey on CRNA faculty recruitment and retention in January 2006 in order to evaluate professional needs of nursing faculties, basis for a development workshops and other development programs. The results of the survey (Starnes-Ott & Kremer, 2007) revealed that if the needs of most faculty members will be ranked accordingly, there concern is much directed towards the need for assistance in order for them to prepare for the doctoral programs, an innovative instruction like distance learning and human patient simulation and development of the curriculum. The above findings are not very surprising, in fact, other researchers have sought the same information at different clinical and educational settings

The Image of Chinese and Japan Dragons Term Paper

The Image of Chinese and Japan Dragons - Term Paper Example The extent of the power of this mysterious creature was such that it was considered as the god of rain, thunder, rainbow, and stars. China being an agro-based society, entirely dependent upon the environment and climate for communal wellbeing, it was the dragon that was worshipped so that sufficient food would be provided. For thousands of years, this custom sustained. The dragon was worshipped and more and more deification was bestowed upon it from being the bringer of joy to bringing prophecies and miracles. The dragon was made into an exclusive symbol of imperial majesty by the emperors. They also compared themselves with the dragons. There was a robust punishment for those who used the dragon as a symbol intentionally or unintentionally. This meant that the ruler was being offended hence the punishment for the offender was death (Dragon). A series of changes have transformed the image of a dragon and it is now more mighty and beautiful. Initially, its illustration on primitive br onze ware was portrayed as ferocious and mysterious. However, during the Han Dynasty, it became magnificent and unrestrained. Moreover, the image of the dragon was personalized as gentle, tame and graceful during the reign of Tang. Nevertheless, it was after the Song Dynasty onwards that it was portrayed as more flowery and delicate. These dragons are found in various different colors. They range from yellow to black, blue, white or red. The most revered was the yellow one because of which each emperor wore a gown that was decorated with a yellow patterned dragon. The basics behind these dragons remain the same despite the differences. This is because people are familiar with the combination of the features of animals. The protruding head of a dragon signifies wisdom, however, longevity is shown by the antlers. According to the imperial examination, the ox’s ears denote success. The tiger’s eyes indicate power, bravery is conveyed by the eagle’s claws, flexibili ty is implied by the fish’ tail and diligence is shown by the horse’s teeth.  

Accountability in Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accountability in Nursing Profession - Essay Example It is an ethic that must be counted at very start of the management and HRM process. However, unfortunately the organizations today have no formal accountability strategy implementation. It does not mean that accountability is no more in today business, it is still in trends but the real spirit of the accountability is not being seen in organizational management. The organizations today are trying to accept the challenges of making them improved and advanced in providing the best services to their stakeholders, but the question is why we are accepting challenges, whey we are struggling to bring more improvements and why we should do this (Dealy and Thomas 2007,42). The professional nurse accountability is an act of taking responsibility of what the nurses are liable and being expected to do regarding their profession that is directly and indirectly related with the client’s well-being and health. Several government, non-government and semi-government departments are imperatively implementing the accountability strategy within the organization specifically the health departments. However, health department is the most sensitive area of any business that purely related with the lives of people. From doctors to ordinary watchmen and sweepers, all are liable and accountable to the managers and head of department for each and every action without even prior instruction, duty and training. In our research paper we will discuss the professional nurse accountability, groundwork of the accountability and present and future accountability for nursing profession. 1.2. The Professional Nurse Accountability As mentioned above, the accountability is not only liable and considered necessary for the managers and leaders, but every individual in the organization is liable and accountable. It is an act to be responsive to something done by him/her or for what he/she is supposed to do. The professional nurse accountability is related to the responsiveness of the nurses to the peers, patients, oneself, his/her profession and to the society. The nursing profession is very much accountable and connected with society and nursing peers. The nurses are accountable and responsible for their deeds and responsibilities based on the code of nursing, nursing practice standards, development of nursing theory, educational requirements, and certifications. Different bodies set and design the standards for the health care and nursing profession and practice. This means nurses are accountable of different levels of responsibility from nurses. They have to be aware o f each nursing profession standard, because everybody that sets the standards for nursing profession has their own standard to apply as well as the penalty to implement if these standards are not met. There is no single resource of accountability for nursing profession. When we in detailes focus on the accountability factor of the nursing profession, we see that there are more than one source to provide the different types of accountability for nursing practice. These types may come from the legality aspects, media platforms, agencies, government departments or councils of nursing and midwifery profession. All these resources bring major amendments and improvements in nursing profession accountability (Caulfield 2011). 1.3. To Whom the Professional Nurse Is Accountable? The nursing profession is very much compelled and accountable to grant the ample and proficient nursing concern. Therefore, it is the personal responsibility of the nurses to pay proper attention and care to sustain the aptitude in practice. Hence, this accountability act is necessary for the nurses for basically two major purposes: firstly, to develop, maintain and

Barley Breeding and Pest Control

Barley Breeding and Pest Control Barley represents one of the major crops grown worldwide. It is the fourth largest grown crop in the world. Barley is a short season ,early maturing grain with high yield potential which is utilized in the production of both human and animal feed. The production of 2005 was estimated to be 138 million metric tons (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO). Because of its true diploidy Barley has been used as a genetic model system, along with the similarity of its genome to that of other small grain cereals. It enables genetic engineering approaches towards crop improvement. (Hensel et al. , 2008). Barley has remained a successful cereal crop because of its short growing time and ability to survive in poor conditions. Although it is grown throughout most of the UK it is often the dominant arable crop in the north and west of Britain where growing conditions are most difficult and less favourable for wheat. Barley is striking because of the long spikes that emerge from the end of each grain. These are known as awns. Barley is also easily identifiable on breezy days in the early summer when waves blow through the crop. Although barley is versatile and tolerant it is not as productive as wheat. As a result it is often grown as the second cereal in a rotation where potential yields are lower; for example a field might first grow wheat, then barley, then a break crop like sugar beet or peas before returning to wheat. Barley can also be grown continually in the same field, a process known as continuous cropping. This was relatively common in the 1970s and 1980s but is rarely if ever practiced now. Around half of all the barley produced ends up as stock feed. This is either incorporated into compound rations or rolled on farm and fed to cattle as a supplement to their forage. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) is the only cultivated species. Among the wild barleys there are annuals and perennials, self pollinators and cross pollinators, and self incompatibility species that are found in nature  (Poehlman, 1987). Difficulties in the production of Barley There are various diseases that affect the barley production, like various bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Nematodes and parasites can also hamper the barley production. Fusarium species Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and is mostly in association with plants. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Fusarium graminearum commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries as well as feed barley. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head blight and in extreme contaminations the barley can appear pink. It can also cause root rot and seedling blight. Lush, green fields become blighted seemingly overnight.  The factors that favour infection and development of disease in the crop are frequent rainfalls, high humidity, or heavy dews that coincide with the flowering and early kernel-fill period of the crop. Damage from head scab is multifold. It reduces yields, discoloration, shriveled tombstone kernels, contamination with mycotoxins, and reduction in seed quality. The disease also reduces weight and lowers market grade. It causes difficulties in marketing, exporting, processing, and feeding scabby grain. The fungus persists and multiplies on infected crop residues of small grains. The chaff, light weight kernels, and other infected head debris of barley, are returned to the soil surface during harvest. This serves as an important site of overwintering of the fungus. Continued moist weather during the crop growing season favors development of the fungus, and spores are windblown or water-splashed onto heads of cereal crops. Barley is susceptible to head infection from the flowering (pollination) period up through the soft dough stage of kernel development. Spores of the this fungus land on the exposed anthers of the flower and then grow into the kernels, glumes, or other head parts. (McMullen et. al. , 1997). Creating a new variety: Conventional breeding Chevron is six rowed non malting barley originating from Switzerland, and it is most widely used. This can be used as a source for the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) as it has resistance genes for kernel discolorations. So the wild variety can be crossed with Chevron and the F1 generation can be generated. H. vulgare X Chevron F1 generation F2 generation Depending on the way the genes behave the combination produced from each cross are not to be revealed until the next generation (F2). The most likely plant is then selected to meet the breeding objective. Seeds from the best plant can again be sown in rows or plots and best plants can again be selected. This process is repeated until the best plants are not selected. This technique takes a long time but the results are bred true. Generally, awned genotypes with a short peduncle and a compact spike have faster disease spread than genotypes that are awnless, have a long peduncle, and a lax spike. In addition, short statured genotypes with a long grain filling. On the other hands hybrid breeding technique can also be used, but its just that while hybrid lines breed true year after year, the performance gains of F1 hybrids are not maintained in subsequent generations. QTL analysis can be done at every level to find out the gene where is it situated in the loci. This will give us a genetic information of the hybrids. If the QTL analysis is done the phenotype can be identified using biometrics or metabolomics. Enhanced Breeding There are various ways in which breeding can be done. Somatic hybridization, embryo rescue, double haploid breeding, genomics, MAS ,genetic modification Proteomics. Mesterhazy (1995) had described five types of physiological resistance ,expanding on the the two types of barley available. These included (I) resistance to initial infection, (II) resistance to spread within the spike, (III) kernel size and number retention,(IV) yield tolerance, and (V) decomposition or non inherently accumulation of mycotoxins. It is believed that type 1 is very difficult to because the amount of innoculum initially applied is very difficult to quantify. Molecular markers can also be used at every stage of crossing till the final generation is obtained, as in the pure lines are obtain. The use of molecular markers will help us in indentifying the gene integeration. As it is QTL Analysis done will show us the location of the gene on which loci. Different molecular markers have been used till date, so markers like RFLP, AFLP, SSR and many more can be used. Pest and disease tolerance in Barley Barley is infected with many pests and other diseases as mentioned above. The easy and the quickest option is the use of certified seeds obtained after F1 generation. There are various sprays like fungicidal sprays available which can also be used but they decrease the vigor and cause root rot. So in order to avoid these pest resistance genes can also be added in barley. That means you induce the gene already there in the pest which infects,into the barley genes,with selectable ,markers. These markers will help in future to score the gene of interest and its location. Places where these markers are not accepted ,marker free plants can be generated. This multi-faceted and cooperative approach should enable breeders to develop highly resistant barley cultivars thereby, significantly reducing if not eliminating the devastating effects of FHB both nationally and worldwide. (Rudd et al. ,2001) There are as such no problems with drought or any problem with barley, but the major one is that if it rains late the whole of the production cycle of barley is disturbed. Due to less, late or no rains only there is development of these kind of fungal diseases due to the little moisture that is left on the leaf surface. Hence if we can increase the transpiration rate or the WUE (water usage efficency) by changing the leaf area exposed to the sun ,the retention capacity will increase. Conclusion Only by working on a theory on breeding will the investigator be able to achieve real control over the organism- the ultimate aim of modern biology N. I. Vavilov So as rightly said above, plant breeding is a very efficient way to conserve the wild species as well to grow crops that are resistant to the harsh conditions and pathogens and diseases caused by them. Through plant breeding technology we try to build up a perfect plant that has all the necessary resistant genes against all the possible problems faced by a plant to grow. As seen in barley also various other methods can also be inculcated along with these and newer varieties can be introduced which have better yield.

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald :: Papers

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby describes "The unending quest after the romantic dream, which is forever betrayed in fact" (Robert Omstein) Is it inevitable that dreams fail in this novel? The wild profligacy of Gatsby's parties, the shallowness and aimlessness of the guests and the hint of Gatsby's participation in theft and crime all identify the period and the American setting. But as a piece of social commentary "The Great Gatsby" also portrays the breakdown of the American dream, from the viewpoint that American political ideals conflict with the actual society since American democracy is based on the equality between people, the truth is that social discrimination still existed and the divisions among the classes could not be overcome. This made the dream of many of which is to become part of the higher social class, represented by East Egg, impossible to attain. In the novel, Myrtle is one of the characters whose desires spring from social ambitions. She wanted to fit into the higher social values and to do so she had an affair with Tom and imitates his way of living, but it results in her becoming as vulgar and corrupt. Her dreams and ambitions resulted in her death. She therefore finds herself failing to reach her dreams and becomes only a shell of what she yearns to be. Gatsby's dreams on the other hand are more of a significant struggle. Unlike Myrtle's desire, which springs from social ambitions, Gatsby's dreams are related more to his idealism and his confidence in life's potentials. Undoubtedly, his desire is also influenced by social considerations; Daisy, who is wealthy and beautiful, represents a way of life, which is remote from Gatsby's and therefore more attractive because it is out of reach. However, social consciousness is not a basic cause. It simply directs and focuses Gatsby's belief in life's possibilities. Like Myrtle, Gatsby struggles to fit himself into another social group, but his attempt is more vital because his whole faith in life is involved in it.

The relationship of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with its neighbouring countries and with the United States

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has cordial relations with most of its neighbouring countries, especially those that are part of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It has made significant efforts to settle disputes regarding borders and helped considerably in improving the relations with Yemen and United Arab Emirates. Although relations with Iraq were tense after the Kuwait invasion, they got better in 2003 when the regime was overthrown. In 2008, Prince Saud al Faisal aimed to appoint an ambassador in Iraq and initiated a diplomatic mission in Baghdad. It has been a mediator in regional crises and has supported the Palestianian-Israel negotiations. Saudia Arabia’s role in the Gulf War has helped it in developing new allies in 1991 and improving its existing relations. King Abdullah has played a big role in providing monetary assistance and resolved regional crises in Sudan, Lebanon and Somalia. Although the relations between Saudi Arabia and Algeria, Libya and Tunisia were strained after the Kuwait invasion, now they have returned back to normal. Relations were Jordan are also very good. United States knowing that Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves and a strategic location has always tried to stregthen ties with this nation. In 1944, the United States embassy opened in Jeddah but diplomatic relations established a long way before that in 1933. The embassy in Jeddah later became the Consulate General for United States. The two countries share common economic interests, concerns over sustainable development, terrorism and security. Having good relationships with these countries is important because United States is highly dependent on the oil exports of Saudi Arabia. Whereas, US is the largest trading partner for Saudia Arabia. Exports from United States also find their way into Saudi Arabia as it is the largest market for US exports in the Middle East region. The US also provides training and support in terms of weapons and security services to the Saudi forces. Saudi Arabia has also bought military weaponary and other equipment from the United States. The prosperity of both countries lies in building and maintaining good relationships with each other.

Learning How to Write an Exploratory Essay by BestEssay.Education

Learning How to Write an Exploratory Essay by Learning How to Write an Exploratory Essay If you are working on an exploratory essay, you are working on a task that is quite unusual. In fact, it is so unusual that as you learn how to write an exploratory essay you will need to momentarily discard much of what you know about writing essays. The reason for this that the approach to writing an exploratory essay is completely different. When writing these essays, your goal is not to prove your thesis or to argue a specific point. Instead, your job is to walk your readers through the things that you have experienced when attempting to solve a problem. What is an Exploratory Essay? It may seem strange to read this, but an exploratory essay is essentially an introspective retrospective. Essentially what you will be doing is examining your approach to defining and solving a problem. The purpose of this essay is to give yourself some good insight on the methods that you use to solve problems, the methods that you use to identify problems, and even your writing style. In many cases, you might write an exploratory essay after completing a research project. What can a Student Get from Writing an Exploratory Essay? In an ideal world, research is objective. People however, are not objective. Each one of us views the world with through the filter of our experiences. This impacts everything we do, including research. An exploratory essay is a way for a student to explore their processes, methodologies, and motivations. When a student completes this process, the goal is that they become a better student and better researcher because they are more aware of themselves. What Questions Should an Exploratory Essay Answer? Here are the questions that you should consider when you write your exploratory essay. Why did I identify this problem as one that I wanted to explore? Why did I select the sources that I did when researching the problem? What made me think that the solution that I applied was the best one? What factors impacted the methods I used to apply the solution? As I read my research notes, what stands out to me about my writing style? Did the solution I applied work? If the solution didn’t work, can I identify any biases or tendencies on my part that contributed to that? Getting Help with your Exploratory Essay Even though this is not a common essay to write, you can still count on to help you with these assignments. We will find the best writer to write an essay of this type or any other type, just for you. Our writers will help you go through your research notes and other information so that your approach and methodology can be identified and explored. When your exploratory essay is finished, you will have an excellent essay to turn in for a grade, and you will also have a great document to refer to when you are questioning the choices that you make when researching a problem or applying solutions.

Costly Business Case Utilities Co.

Costly Business Case Utilities Co. Introduction Utilities Co. was keen on cutting 120 jobs because of the tough economic climate and escalating competition. Maree Davis, the HR Manager of the company was at the centre point of implementing the plan of cutting the workforce.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Costly Business Case: Utilities Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The CEO indicated that the redundancies were voluntary, but it emerged later that the plan targeted specific workers in the middle level management. The strategy of downsizing the workforce had two stages. The first stage was to make a public statement on the intention to dismiss employees and the second stage was to use targeted redundancies. However, the announcement invited attention from the press and state politicians because of industrial action to protect jobs. Similarly, the announcement led to severe work-related stress as many employees were in fear of losing their jo bs. In particular, the company received negative messages from the press and customers who were dissatisfied with service delivery at the time. As HR manager, Maree found it difficult to implement the strategy because she felt that the CEO’s decision was challenging and it was virtually impossible to identify 120 redundant jobs. Although she received voluntary redundancies from 52 employees, there was a lot of dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the CEO was relentless on implementing the layoff plan despite efforts for negations from the union and advice from HR department. Surprisingly, the targeted redundancies did not express interest in voluntary redundancy, thus triggering the need to enter the second phase of the plan.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point, Maree resigned from his position because she felt that the decision to lay off many older employees could lead to troubles with Human Rights Commission. Therefore, this paper analyses the case of Utilities Co. with reference to HR implications of the CEO’s announcement to lay off 120 staff. The paper also explains the OHS concerns that arose in response to the announcement, and outlines recommendations to improve OHS during layoffs. Similarly, the third section of this paper evaluates the impact of industrial action on the organisation. Finally, the recommendation section discuses an ideal organisation’s plan to communicate the layoff decision to employees and managers. HR Implications of CEO’s Announcement to Lay off Staff The CEO’s announcement emerged because of the claims that the Utilities Co. was experiencing tough economic times and increasing competition. As a result, the company wanted to get rid of underperforming staff to remain competitive in its market segment. The CEO was in an unfortunate position of determining the bette r alternative of dismissing workers. The announcement was an indication that the company was determined to downsize its workforce, but the figure was quite alarming and consequently led to shock and disorder within the company. The workers, including the HR manager, were unhappy about the announcement because it would cost them their positions in the company. In addition, the announcement implied that the company’s management was poor because it elicited some interesting facts about employment relationship within the company. First, Maree had identified that the company had few workers in some significant areas.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Costly Business Case: Utilities Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This meant that it was difficult to identify 120 redundant jobs despite the CEO’s suggestion that the exercise targeted underperforming middle managers. Second, the company did not relate w ell with its employees because expert staff expressed interest in voluntary redundancies, but the target group did not express interest in the process. This meant that the company was to lose its productive workforce. It is surprising how the company lacks proper procedures of communicating lay offs to its employees. In the light of the HR conflicts brought about by CEO’s announcements, it is essential to understand employment relationship in managing workplace relations. The perspectives of employment relationship help us to understand how an employee and an employer relate. Employment relationship entails managing staff for successful objectives of the organisation while taking into consideration worker’s anticipations (Chambliss, 2007). However, Utilities Co. did not consider the expectations of employees with regards to work ethics, moral, team contribution skills, motivation, and general aptitude. Furthermore, findings from studies indicate that employment relatio n is mainly open-ended, spontaneous, and an inclusion of contradictory theories about conflict, control, and regulation. The perspectives of employment relations are: utilitarianism, pluralism, and Marxism (Bateman Snell, 2009).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the pluralist view of employment relationship is a good example of explaining the situation at the company. Pluralists perceive an organisation comprising of powerful and different sub-groups, including management and trade unions. This viewpoint considers conflicts as a common aspect in organisation because the employer and employees have dissimilar interests; the CEO’s objective is to reduce the number of employees in order to cut down the company’s expenses while employees’ interest is retaining their occupations and enhancing their welfare. Kramar et al. (2011) argue that different organisations with disparate management also engage in establishing guidelines of employment. Detection and control of conflicts is imperative in determining the best approaches of problem solving. Additionally, the management’s role is to coordinate and persuade employees to harmonize the different interests rather than enforcing rules that would compromise negoti ations. Trade unions are recognized as genuine agents of employees, thus such organizations advocate for collecting bargaining which helps in dealing with conflicts. Thus, employers should accept and expect to resolve conflicts through legitimate measures of dealing with disagreements (Brewster, 2008). According to Roethlisberger (2009), pluralism derives its ideas from the point of view of Donovan Commission, which started in 1965 to assess the rising conflicts in industrial relations practices. Pluralism was important in its analysis on management: unlike the unitary approach where there are no authentic grounds for conflicts, managers in a pluralistic system should accept conflicts and seek feasible procedures of avoiding them. Thus, the first basis of pluralism is that the organisation should have industrial relations and personnel professionals who provide staffing and collective bargaining counsel to managers (Brewster, 2007). Second, external arbitrators are required to help in conflict resolution. Third, the management should recognize trade unions when analysing employee sentiments. Finally, the management should establish a good environment for collecting bargaining with union representatives. Therefore, it is apparent that successful industrial relations involvements such as collective bargaining can resolve disputes. Unlike the unitary system, the pluralist theory provides alternative solutions to conflicts, thus the management must exercise control and regulation, considering the requirements of trade unions and the state. Similarly, pluralist engage all participants in conflict resolution, thus favourable solutions are open to discussion. This follows the notion that conflicts are important in understanding the major tensions in an organisation and therefore the management should not ignore them. Furthermore, the theory advocates for divergent employee relations rules. Some organizations can decide to deal with employee organizations instead of t rade unions, while other organizations can work with trade unions to enhance employee commitment. In essence, pluralism is appropriate for a collective industrial relations system because trade unions are involved in conflict resolution (Bateman Snell, 2009). However, the major disadvantage of pluralist perspective, which the case depicts, is emphasis on rules and procedures, but it ignores other factors that affect or contribute to resolving disputes. For example, through industrial relations, organisations can formulate rules that determine the steps of resolving conflicts. However, such rules may not apply to different working environment. Likewise, the theory fails to note that the state not only considers the interests of the public, but also business interests. Dekler (2007) argue that focusing on employee interest may hinder the process of collective bargaining. Likewise, the redundancies raised equity issues within the company. The concept of equity relates to satisfaction in relation to expectations of fair and/or unfair allocation of resources in the HR perspective (Kramar, 2011). The equity issues depicted in the company are flexible work and discrimination. The communication strategy assumed by the CEO and organisational factors affected the flexibility of work. According to Boxall Baron (2004), essential communication, from Human Resource perspective, stresses the open relations between the organisation and employees. This results to goals being realized, which in turn improve the company’s performance. However, Utilities Co. did not express the need to enhance effective communication. The management communicated the lay off news without considering workers’ reactions. As a result, employees exhibited low productivity since the customers were complaining. Several factors affect work behaviour. First, people within the company have different positions, relations, and views. The relationship between individuals of various departments with regards to management level determines how they behave. Workers tend to conform to their line manager more often as compared to managers of other departments (Godard, 2010). Customers also influence the way employees perform their duties, as there exist the need to satisfy customers. In addition, organisational goals shape the way employees work. The goals of an organisation are the reason for existence. Managers direct the activities of the organisation to the attainment of goals. The goals of an organisation will determine the nature of its inputs and outputs, the series of activities to acquire the inputs, and interactions with its external environment (Decenzo Silhanek, 2002). Furthermore, culture reflects the underlying assumptions about the way of performing work; what is acceptable and not acceptable, and what actions and behaviour are encouraged and discouraged within a company. Organisational structure underlines the manner of arranging individuals and groups with re spect to the task they perform. The culture and structure of an organisation develop over time and in response to a complex set of factors affecting work behaviour. The key factors that affect the development of any corporate culture include history, primary function and technology, goals and objectives, size, location, management and staffing, and the environment (Schmidt, 2009). On the other hand, discrimination was evident through the redundancies. As outlined by Maree, the CEO targeted older employees who held managerial positions and were receiving higher wages. Such employees were mainly 50 or older, and a move to lay them off would imply that the company discriminates people according to age. Similarly, the CEO’s argument that the targeted groups were underperforming was inconsequential because the team manages and controls the organisation; laying them off would worsen the current situation. OHS Concerns in Response to the Announcement The announcement to downsize the workforce had adverse effects on staff safety, health, and welfare. Lay offs often entail major changes to work processes because there is redistribution of tasks to a smaller number of staff, alterations to job descriptions, and changes to training (White-Means Hersch, 2005; Quill, 2005). The first reaction to the announcement was shock, which led to fear and decreased productivity. In addition, the OHS team received stress-related claims from workers who expressed their stress through anxiety disorders and depression. For instance, an employee became physically violent towards colleagues. In particular, Maree experienced stress-related sickness in the process of making difficult decisions within a short time. She was in a dilemma while trying to identify 120 redundant jobs and improving understaffed areas. For example, industrial action compromised the process because the HR staff received numerous abusive messages from both the press and customers; Maree ignored the messages, b ut felt sick. Besides, the CEO gave a short notice to persuade Maree to execute the layoff plans. According to Quinlan (2007), job insecurity and bad working relations (as the ones depicted in the case) correlate with undesirable effects on worker safety and health because there are fears that arise from new informal means of communication between employees. However, the OHS team in the company was overwhelmed with complaints from distressed staff members. Similarly, some unsatisfied staff accepted the call for voluntary redundancies, which led to cutbacks in customer service areas. This indicates that the organisation was not keen on supporting staff affected by the announcement; it is surprising that the CEO was happy with the process, and he did not consider worker’s wellbeing. For instance, Maree had to support her own staff and other organisational activities because many workers were unable or reluctant to adjust to the changes in workplace conditions. In light of OHS c oncerns in the organisation, the OHS team should embark on a risk assessment of the OHS effects of the layoffs, discuss with employees and their representatives, and manage the risks without interfering with current OHS standards (Dragano, Verde, Siegrist, 2005). This is in a bid to improve OHS during layoffs. The risks stem from personal factors that affect work behaviour. The HR department should assess the factors that affect work behaviour during layoffs. Work behaviour analysis encompasses the methodical assessment of the nature and components of a well-defined job (Armstrong Baron, 2004). The OHS team should identify individual differences such as gender, marital status, and tenure because they affect work behaviour. The obvious differences between men and women affect job performance. There exist no systematic male and female differences in analytical abilities, competitive focus, problem-solving skills, and decision-making skills. Researchers believe that women are more wi lling to abide by the rule of work and men are insistent and more likely to have expectations of achievement (Johnstone, Quinlan, Walters, 2005). Another issue that seems to differ between male and female employees is the preference for job environment; women mainly prefer an organisation that caters for their wellbeing (Mullins, 2004). For instance, Maree found that some women accepted voluntary redundancies because the organisation does not respect people. Work experience through tenure also affects work behaviour. Moreover, if person stays long in a job, chances are few that he or she will quit. Thus, tenure and satisfaction are concurrently related (Moore, Grunberg, Geenberg, 2004). This explains why the old employees of Utilities Co. were reluctant in taking voluntary redundancies. In essence, the equity officer analysed the demographic profile of workers who had quit their jobs on voluntary redundancies and found that many younger staff and women had taken redundancies. Seco nd, personality tends to predict behaviour and happiness related to work. These behaviours include absenteeism, performance, and team effectiveness. Personality matters when we combine different personality, thus achieving a stronger relationship between work performance and personality. Third, what people perceive determine how they perform their work-related activities. For instance, the layoff announcement shocked workers because they knew that their jobs were insecure, and therefore they felt disappointed by the organisation. Fourth, values help individuals to determine what is good, right, or desirable. Values help in the analysis of organisational behaviour and hence managers can be able to accommodate individuals from different cultures. Since values differ across cultures, understanding such differences is helpful in predicting employee behaviour from various cultures. Finally, attitudes affect work behaviour because they reflect how employees feel about the work. Attitude i nvolves the aspects of cognition, affect and behaviour. Cognitive facet of an attitude is a belief in something; for instance, grapevine is wrong. Affective facet of attitude is the emotional or feeling part of attitude, while behavioural facet of an attitude is an intention to act in a particular way towards somebody or something (Sverke, Hellgren, Naswall, 2002). Another recommendation for Utilities Co. is to provide help documents on layoffs to explain the role of OHS team and staff in order to improve OHS. The documents should take into consideration the factors explained in the previous paragraphs because they are the ones that lead to health issues during downsizing. The Impact of Industrial Action on the Organisation The workers union responded to the layoff announcement by engaging in industrial action in order to prevent massive layoffs. The union felt that the redundancy process was unfair. As one of the steps towards industrial action, the union applied for protected ind ustrial action through the Fair Work Australia (FWA). Besides, the union though that the pending enterprise bargaining agreement (EBA) was one of the major contributing factors of the redundancies. In light of the union campaign, there was keen interest from the media and national politicians because Utilities Co. was a big and formerly state owned business. This made the CEO to engage the company’s lawyers in devising plans to proceed with layoffs. The CEO defended his decisions by citing that the company wanted to stay afloat in the current economic problems. Besides, he agreed to proceed with negotiations on a new EBA because of pressure from the union. However, the ongoing industrial action surpassed the hostile meetings as it became gradually more disruptive and reduced the quality of service delivery. The company received many customer complaints and it was difficult to reach out to new customers because constant negative press was taking effect. Many HR workers receive d abusive e-mails and experiences emotional stress. However, the union did not achieve its major objective because the company proceeded to subsequent processes of cutting down its workforce. The industrial action only tainted the company’s image and facilitated the layoff process. Interestingly, the company postponed the EBA negotiations because of industrial action. In fact, the EBA meetings were not successful because the union opted for industrial action before considering the option of negotiations. The fallout of EBA negotiations meant that the company was determined to lay off employees. Although the CEO indicated that the redundancies were voluntary, the second phase of downsizing was compulsory redundancies, which targeted one third of middle management positions. The union could have opted for negotiation with the company through collective bargaining. Since there was an existing EBA, it was necessary to cite the guidelines in the agreement to avoid conflicts. In th e negotiations, the union could have cited unfair dismissal laws to persuade the company to retain workers or offer notice and full redundancy benefits (Artz, 2010). Another argument that the union could have used in the negotiation is that the company breached the Australian labour laws because the redundancies were not genuine. According to Decenzo Silhanek (2002), redundancy arises where an employer does not require a worker’s job and someone else cannot take the work. However, from the case, Maree found out that some important areas within the Utilities Co. were having few staff and it was difficult to identify 120 redundant jobs. In fact, it would be appropriate to consider the company’s action as unfair termination. This could have been a good discussion point because unfair dismissal laws is important to make sure both that employees can confront unjust termination, and to act as a guideline for employees who would layoff workers unfairly. In essence, understan ding the unfair dismissal laws could have been a significant step in ensuring safety and fairness in Utilities Co. Recommendations Maree resigned from her HR position because she was unable to work under pressure. This is evident because abuses from customers made her sick. If I were in the same position, I would not have resigned because such challenges are common in the workplace and it was a matter of executing what the company had initiated, but the process was wrong. Maree should have conducted thorough investigation of the company and communicated her findings to the CEO. However, she did not provide feasible suggestions to the CEO. For instance, Maree noticed that the company had few workers in some critical areas, but she did not explain it to the CEO. The CEO needed assurance that the company can weather the tough economic climate and increasing communication without necessarily cutting down the workforce. Maree failed to identify other significant factors that contribute t o productivity. The best approaches of increasing workplace productivity are positive management and good communication. In the place of work, managers who exercise positive means and enhance positive behaviour can achieve positive results. The managers must have broad knowledge and act as the intellectuals of the organisation. When disagreements arise within the organisation, it is the manager who advices the administrators on the approach to employ towards solving the problem amicably. Other matters that require the counsel of HR manager include appraisal, training, recruitment and incorporations (Kramar et al., 2011). As a matter of consideration, the manager understands the capacity of the organisation much more than anybody else. For instance, the manager is responsible for designing the tasks for every employee and thus he/she has to be involved when the organisation intends to hire and/or layoff staff (Dekler, 2007). Moreover, with regards to the layoff decision by the CEO, t he ideal organisation plan to communicate the decision would include good communication strategies, honesty, respect towards employees, asking feedback, ensuring commitment to employees’ safety and wellbeing. First, the organisation should share all the information regarding layoffs, citing the major reasons and implications to workers. The management should not imagine that workers understand the message at once or communicate only when all details are available. Consistent and accurate information is better in order to avoid rumours. Second, clarity of the decision to layoff workers might help them prepare, thus avoiding distractions like stress (Maertz et al., 2010). If the company does not know the exact number of redundancies, it is important to suggest a reasonable number. The company should make promises that are conceivable through exercising credibility. Third, the organisation should have guidelines that allow room for respect and dignity towards employees. For inst ance, a manager can exercise respect through giving the dismissed worker a chance to say goodbyes or letting him time to thank and/or receive thanks from colleagues. Fourth, the organisation should ask for feedback from various sources. Listening to employee’s suggestions or questions enhances organisational support to workers. The HR managers can administer questions, such as: How can we communicate better the layoff decision? Are there any major issues regarding how the layoffs are conducted? (Hershey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2008). Finally, it is important to restate the organisation’s commitment to health and welfare where possible. The organisation should focus on safety by expressing the likely effects of layoffs and the necessary reactions expected from employees to reduce the effects. For instance, a supervisor can take some time to ask each affected employee in his line of work how they are fairing with the changes. In this case, the supervisor can deal with the employees’ problems while focusing on work and enhancing safety measures. Conclusion The CEO and HR manager of Utilities Co. were in an unfortunate position of finding an appropriate strategy to lay off workers. Administering layoffs is often difficult because it involves dealing with people and factors that affect work behaviour. This paper analysed the implications of announcing layoffs, the concerns of OHS, the impact of industrial action on the organisation, and proposed an ideal organisation’s plan to communicate the layoff decision to the staff. The major HR implication of CEO’s announcement to lay off staff was that the HR department would work hard to identify redundancies within the company and consequently restructure the working environment. The announcement was received with shock from employees, and it led to decreased morale and productivity. As the HR manager, Maree was required to support her own staff and troubleshoot across the organisation in order to maintain the company’s operations. In addition, the announcement increased the OHS concerns as the news stressed many employees, and they even felt sick. As a response to the announcement, the union’s industrial action interfered with service delivery, but did not stop the company’s stand on dismissing workers. Therefore, the major recommendation for Utilities Co. is to have a feasible plan to communicate the layoff decision to the staff through the following five strategies: good communication strategies, honesty, respect towards employees, asking feedback, ensuring commitment to employees’ safety and wellbeing. 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